Enantiomer-specific accumulation, depuration, metabolization and isomerization of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers in mirror carp from water

Until now, the bioaccumulation of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in aquatic organisms has been studied only via dietary exposure. To better understand the environmental fate of HBCDs, we conducted a bioaccumulation test by exposing mirror carp to three HBCD diastereomers in water during 30 d of accumulation and 30 d of depuration according to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Test Guidelines 305 (Bioaccumulation in Fish: Aqueous and Dietary Exposure). We found that the BCFKL values (bioconcentration factor calculated from kinetic data and adjusted to lipid content) of alpha-HBCD in different tissues of the carp were in the range of (3.07-4.52) x 10(4), much higher than those of beta-HBCDs (1.03-1.90 x 10(3)) and gamma-HBCD (0.95-1.73 x 10(3)), as was true of t(1/2). The order of BCFK for alpha-, beta- and gamma-HBCD in different tissues was viscera > gill > skin> muscle. beta-HBCD and gamma-HBCD were transformed to alpha-HBCD, with 50.0-92.9% and 96.2-98.6% bioisomerization efficiencies by the end of the experiment, respectively. No isomerization product from alpha-HBCD was found. Selective enrichment of the (+) alpha- and gamma-HBCD was found, whereas beta-HBCD did not show significant enantioselectivity. New metabolites such as tetrabromocyclododecene (TBCDe), tribromocyclododecadiene (TriBCDi) and tribromocyclododecatriene (TriBCDie) were found in mirror carp for the first time under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.