期刊
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
卷 261, 期 -, 页码 687-700出版社
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.033
关键词
Bioavailability; Remediation; Organic contaminants; Chemical extraction; Risk assessment
资金
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)
- National Grid
- European Commission [213161]
- Natural Environment Research Council [ceh010010] Funding Source: researchfish
Risk assessment and remediation of contaminated land is inherently dependent on the contaminants present and their availability for interaction with soil biota. An ever-growing body of evidence suggests that current regulatory procedures over-estimate the 'true' fraction available to biota. Thus, a procedure that predicts the 'bioavailable fraction' would be useful for predicting 'actual' exposure limits and provide a more relevant basis for risk assessment. The aim of this paper is to address several important questions: How should bioavailability be defined? What factors affect bioavailability measurement? To what extent have existing protocols measured bioavailability? What is actually measured by chemical techniques purported to determine bioavailability? We offer two definitions (namely 'bioavailability' and 'bioaccessibility') and review commonly employed chemical extraction techniques to measure putative bioavailability. Relative advantages and disadvantages of the techniques are highlighted to elucidate underlying factors for the wide range of conclusions observed in the literature. Although the concept of bioavailability is implicit to contaminated land risk assessment and remediation, explicit reference to and use of adjustment factors is rare amongst regulatory bodies and remediators. Use of chemical determinants for bioavailability, applicable within current legislation and due consideration to inherent variability, are proposed and barriers to their implementation discussed. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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