Coupled use of cone tip resistance and small strain shear modulus to assess liquefaction potential

Resistance against earthquake-related liquefaction is usually assessed using relationships between an index of soil strength such as normalized cone tip resistance and the cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) developed from observed field performance. The alternative approach based on laboratory testing is rarely used, mainly because of the apprehension that laboratory results may not reflect field behavior since the quality of laboratory data is often compromised by sampling disturbance. In this study, a database of laboratory data obtained mainly from cyclic testing of frozen (undisturbed) samples and in situ index measurements from near sampling locations comprised of cone tip resistance, q(c), and shear wave velocity, V-s, have been assembled. These data indicate that neither normalized cone tip resistance nor normalized shear wave velocity individually correlate well with laboratory-measured CRR. However, the ratio of q(c) to the small strain shear modulus, G(0), relates reasonably with CRR via separate correlations depending on geologic age. The derived q(c)/G(0)-CRR relationships were also found to be consistent with earthquake field-performance case histories.