Foreshock bubbles and their global magnetospheric impacts

We employ 2.5-D electromagnetic, hybrid simulations that treat ions kinetically via particle-in-cell methods and electrons as a massless fluid to study the formation and properties of a new structure named the foreshock bubble upstream from the bow shock. This structure forms due to changes in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) associated with solar wind discontinuities and their interaction with the backstreaming ions in the foreshock prior to these discontinuities encountering the bow shock. The leading edge of the foreshock bubble consists of a fast magnetosonic shock and the compressed and heated plasma downstream of the shock. The leading edge surrounds the core which consists of a less-dense and hotter plasma and lower magnetic field strength. Ultra low frequency turbulence is present in both the outer and core regions of the foreshock bubbles. The size of the foreshock bubble transverse to the flow direction scales with the width of the ion foreshock and at Earth corresponds to tens of RE. The size along the flow depends on the age of the bubble and grows with time. Although they expand sunward, foreshock bubbles are carried antisunward by the solar wind, and for small IMF cone angles (angle between IMF and solar wind flow) when the foreshock lies upstream of the dayside magnetosphere they collide with the bow shock. This collision is shown to have significant magnetospheric impacts. Upon encountering the bow shock, the low pressures within the core of the bubble result in the reversal of the magnetosheath flow from antisunward to sunward direction. This in turn results in the outward motion of the magnetopause and expansion of the dayside magnetosphere. The interaction is found to noticeably impact the density and energy of trapped radiation belt ions and plasma injection into the cusp. Foreshock bubbles are found to be highly effective sites for ion reflection and acceleration to high energies via first-and second-order Fermi acceleration. The interaction of the foreshock bubble with the bow shock results in the release of energetic ions into the magnetosheath. Some of these ions are subsequently injected into the cusp.