Long-Term Vitamin Stabilization in Low Moisture Products for NASA: Techniques and Three-Year Vitamin Retention, Sensory, and Texture Results

Multiyear spaceflight will require innovative strategies to preserve vitamins in foods, in order to retain astronaut health and functionality long-term. Furthermore, space foods must be low weight/volume to comply with cargo restrictions, and must retain sensory quality to ensure consumption. Low water activity products were developed, fortified with vitamins A, B1, B9, C, and E at twice their spaceflight requirements, stored for three years at 21 degrees C and one year at 38 degrees C, and analyzed annually for retained vitamin content and organoleptic quality. The vitamins were encapsulated in carbohydrate or lipid coatings and tested in relatively low and high fat versions of compressed bars and powdered drink mix formulations. Susceptibility to degradation at 21 degrees C followed the sequence B9>A>B1>C>E; degradation rates were fitted to first-order kinetics. Vitamins A and C were more sensitive at the higher storage temperature. Vitamin retention was slightly higher in compressed bars verses powders. Effects of matrix lipid level on stability were vitamin dependent. Sensory characteristics for products stored three years at 21 degrees C remained mostly above 6.0 on a 9-point hedonic scale, whereas those stored for one year at 38 degrees C remained mostly above 5.0. Compressed bars firmed significantly during storage. All vitamin levels after three years at 21 degrees C remained above the space flight requirements, demonstrating the suitability of the selected fortification schemes and food matrices for long-term preservation. Practical ApplicationVitamins A, B1, B9, C, and E were retained at 70% to 95% levels for three years at 21 degrees C in carefully formulated, fortified low water activity products. Product compression and vacuum packaging slightly helped to further preserve vitamins. The sensory quality of these products was retained throughout storage.