Applicative performances of fluorinated carbons through fluorination routes: A review

Electrochemical performances of fluorinated carbons and nanocarbons as electrode materials for primary lithium batteries are reviewed and compared with the ones of conventional carbon fluorides. Fluorination conditions strongly influence the electrochemical performances, then different strategies of fluorination have been developed, by the group Fluorination and fluorinated materials of the laboratory of Inorganic Materials in Clermont University, in order to promote some particular electrochemical parameters, namely the discharge potential, the energy density, the power density or the faradic yield. As a consequence, 3 new ways of fluorination have been carried out since 10 years in our laboratory: (i) catalytic fluorination combined with a post fluorination under pure fluorine gas, (ii) sub-fluorination process and (iii) fluorination by TbF4, XeF2,... decomposition. Enhanced electrochemical performances have been obtained and the fluorination mechanisms of each family of fluorinated carbons have been better understood thank to a deep physico-chemical characterization by XRD, IR and Raman spectroscopies, solid state NMR with C-13 and F-19 nuclei and EPR. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.