Boundary-layer transition at high free-stream disturbance levels - beyond Klebanoff modes

We consider a nominally uniform flow over a semi-infinite flat plate and show how a small slowly modulated (predominantly streamwise) disturbance of the upstream flow is amplified by leading-edge bluntness effects and eventually develops into a small-amplitude but nonlinear spanwise motion far downstream from the edge. This motion is then imposed on the viscous boundary layer at the surface of the plate causing an order-one change in its profile shape, which can reduce the wall shear to zero and thereby causes the boundary layer to separate. The present study is similar to an earlier steady flow analysis, but the unsteady effects now cause the upstream boundary layer to develop inflectional profiles which can support rapidly growing inviscid instabilities that give rise to transition before the separation can occur.