期刊
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
卷 216, 期 15, 页码 2931-2938出版社
COMPANY BIOLOGISTS LTD
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.086538
关键词
Apis mellifera; exclusion criteria; oral versus dermal exposure; learning; proboscis extension reflex; pyrethroid; Varroa destructor
类别
资金
- National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (PGSA scholarship)
- National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Discovery Grant)
- Bee Maid Canada
- Canadian Bee Research Fund
Contaminants can affect organisms' behaviour and, as a consequence, survival. Tau-fluvalinate (hereafter fluvalinate) is the active ingredient in a pesticide commonly used in North America to control Varroa destructor mites in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Fluvalinate's effects on honey bees are not well known. Honey bee cognitive and neural function can be assessed using the proboscis extension reflex (PER), which applies Pavlovian conditioning techniques. This study used PER to evaluate effects of fluvalinate on honey bee acquisition learning, (long-term) memory recall, responsiveness to sucrose, and mortality. We also evaluated how exclusion criteria for honey bees that did not exhibit PER during training and memory trials affected interpretation of results. Fluvalinate was administered both orally and dermally at high and low doses to mimic routes by which honey bees are exposed. We found negative effects of fluvalinate on honey bee learning, memory, responsiveness to sucrose, and survival, especially in high oral doses. We also found significant consequences to interpretation of results using different exclusion criteria. For example, almost 50% of individuals that failed to show evidence of learning subsequently showed evidence of memory. The latter results have important implications regarding traditional assessment of PER-based learning and memory; the former results suggest that evaluation of honey bee exposure to fluvalinate and attendant consequences warrants further investigation.
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