Short-term high-fat diet increases postprandial trimethylamine-N-oxide in humans

The gut microbiota plays an obligatory role in the metabolism of nutrients containing trimethylamine moieties, such as L-camitine and choline, leading to the production of the proatherogenic trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). We hypothesized that a short-term, high-fat diet would increase fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations of TMAO in response to a high-fat meal challenge. Following a 2-week eucaloric control diet, 10 nonobese men (18-30 years) consumed a eucaloric, high-fat diet (55% fat) for 5 days. Plasma TMAO was measured after a 12-hour fast and each hour after for 4 hours following a high-fat meal (63% fat) at baseline and after the high-fat diet using ultaperforrnance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Fasting plasma TMAO did not increase significantly following the high-fat diet (1.83 +/- 0.21 vs 1.6 +/- 0.24 mu mol/L). However, plasma TMAO was higher at hour 1(2.15 +/- 0.28 vs 1.7 +/- 0.30 mu mol/L), hour 2 (2.3 +/- 0.29 vs 1.8 +/- 0.32 mu mol/L), hour 3 (2.4 +/- 0.34 vs 1.58 +/- 0.19 mu mol/L), and hour 4(2.51 0.33 vs 1.5 +/- 0.12 mu mol/L) (all P < .05) following the high-fat diet as compared with the baseline postprandial response. In conclusion, a short-term, high-fat diet does not increase fasting plasma TMAO concentrations but appears to increase postprandial TMAO concentrations in healthy, nonobese, young men. Future studies are needed to determine the mechanisms responsible for these observations. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.