Differences between motor point and innervation zone locations in the biceps brachii. An exploratory consideration for the treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin

Background: Botulinum toxin (BTX) acts on the neuromuscular junction which can be located by the innervation zone (IZ). Clinically, the motor point (MP) is homologous to the IZ and it is used as the injection site of BTX. Differences in the effectiveness of the application of BTX between MP and IZ locations have been determined. Objective: Compare the location of the MP obtained using electrical stimulation and the location of the IZ using a linear surface electrodes array on the biceps brachii muscle. Methods: The biceps brachii muscle of twenty men was assessed. The MP was located using the torque measurement generated by electrical stimulation. The IZ was detected using a linear surface electrodes array. Results: A difference between the MP and the IZ positions (75.8 vs. 86.5 mm, delta 10.7 mm; p = 0.003, post-hoc power 0.89) was observed. Discussion: The magnitude of the difference between the MP and the IZ may be clinically relevant. The IZ location using surface electromyography as a guide to optimize BTX injection is proposed. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.