Direct genotyping of cytomegalovirus envelope glycoproteins from toddler's saliva samples

Background: The polymorphism of genes encoding CMV envelope protein is used for strain classification and may influence pathogenesis and/or infectivity. CMV genotyping is usually based on sequencing or acrylamide gel-RFLP, but these methods are not suited to rapid screening of large populations. Objectives: We developed a high-throughput method to analyze CMV strains diversity and to detect multiple-strain infection in a large population of toddlers (six daycare centers (DCC) and an emergency unit (EU)). Methods: We developed a new PCR-RFLP method coupled with capillary electrophoresis fragment detection for UL55-gB, UL75-gH and UL73-gN genotyping. To detect gB recombinants, gpUL55 typing was applied to two variable zones (NTerminal and central). We applied this method to 212 CMV-positive saliva samples and controlled the results by direct sequencing of PCR products. Results: We identified 112 strains, that fell into eight groups in UL55-gB, two groups in UL75-gH, and seven groups in UL73-gN. The 79 samples from the emergency unit contained 30 strains, 28 children harboring 2 strains. The samples (n = 133) from the six daycare centers contained respectively 4, 1, 6, 1 and 11 strains. Fifteen percent of strains were UL55-gB recombinants. Conclusion: Our new method can simultaneously determine gB, gH and gN genotypes and offers more precise classification of CMV strains than previous RFLP-based methods. This could constitute the basis for a new classification, particularly in UL55-gB. Easy direct identification of multiple strains and recombinants in pathological samples could facilitate large epidemiologic studies. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.