期刊
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY
卷 30, 期 36, 页码 4550-4557出版社
AMER SOC CLINICAL ONCOLOGY
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2011.41.0183
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资金
- Europe Against Cancer program of the European Commission (SANCO) [EU6F32005]
- European Commission [FP6-006438]
- Deutsche Krebshilfe
- German Cancer Research Center
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
- Danish Cancer Society
- Spanish Ministry of Health [RETIC R06/0020]
- Spanish regional government of Andalucia
- Spanish regional government of Asturias
- Spanish regional government of Basque Country
- Spanish regional government of Murcia
- Spanish regional government of Navarra
- Catalan Institute of Oncology
- Cancer Research UK
- Medical Research Council UK
- Stroke Association UK
- British Heart Foundation
- Department of Health UK
- Food Standards Agency UK
- Wellcome Trust UK
- Italian Association for Research on Cancer
- Compagnia di San Paolo
- Progetto Integrato Oncologia-PIO, Regione Toscana
- Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare, and Sports
- Netherlands Cancer Registry
- LK Research Funds
- Dutch Prevention Funds
- Dutch SON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland)
- World Cancer Research Fund
- Statistics Netherlands
- Stavros Niarchos Foundation
- Hellenic Health Foundation
- Greek Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity
- country of Skane
- country of Vasterbotten
- Swedish Research Council/BBMRI.SE
- Cancer Research UK [14136] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [G1000143, G0401527, G0801056B] Funding Source: researchfish
Purpose Our aim was to assess the impact of cigarette smoking on the risk of the tumors classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as causally associated with smoking, referred to as tobacco-related cancers (TRC). Methods The study population included 441,211 participants (133,018 men and 308,193 women) from the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition. We investigated 14,563 participants who developed a TRC during an average follow-up of 11 years. The impact of smoking cigarettes on cancer risk was assessed by the population attributable fraction (AF(p)), calculated using the adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CI for current and former smokers, plus either the prevalence of smoking among cancer cases or estimates from surveys in representative samples of the population in each country. Results The proportion of all TRC attributable to cigarette smoking was 34.9% (95% CI, 32.5 to 37.4) using the smoking prevalence among cases and 36.2% (95% CI, 33.7 to 38.6) using the smoking prevalence from the population. The AF(p) were above 80% for cancers of the lung and larynx, between 20% and 50% for most respiratory and digestive cancers and tumors from the lower urinary tract, and below 20% for the remaining TRC. Conclusion Using data on cancer incidence for 2008 and our AF(p) estimates, about 270,000 new cancer diagnoses per year can be considered attributable to cigarette smoking in the eight European countries with available data for both men and women (Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Greece, Germany, Sweden, Denmark). J Clin Oncol 30:4550-4557. (C) 2012 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
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