Factors Affecting Isolation and Identification of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis from Fecal and Tissue Samples in a Liquid Culture System

Culture of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the definitive diagnostic test for Johne's disease, a chronic granulomatous enteropathy of animals. Compared to solid media, the identification of all strains of the organism in liquid media can be more difficult because the appearance of colonies and mycobactin dependence are not observable, and the growth of other organisms needs to be distinguished, commonly by PCR. Factors affecting the isolation rate of S strains and the contamination rate in modified Middlebrook 7H9 broth (Bactec 12B) and 7H10 agar were studied using 11,598 fecal samples and 2,577 tissue samples from sheep from 1,421 farms over 10 years. Minimization of contamination in Bactec cultures required the avoidance of the carryover of fecal particles from the first sedimentation step in the double-incubation centrifugation method, and contamination was reduced significantly by incubating the sample in a solution containing vancomycin, amphotericin B, and nalidixic acid for 3 days compared to 2 days. The growth of irrelevant microorganisms confounded the identification of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in liquid culture by inhibiting IS900 PCR and in solid medium culture by inhibiting the growth of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis or obscuring colonies. The contamination of samples was clustered in certain laboratory submissions and was reduced by including ampicillin in Bactec medium without affecting the odds of isolation of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The long-term contamination rate for fecal cultures was about 7%, and that for tissue cultures was < 0.2%. Liquid medium was more sensitive than solid medium culture for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The applicability of these findings for C strains is discussed.