Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Due to Bilateral Adrenal Hemorrhage-Adrenal Infarction in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Long-Term Outcome of 16 Patients

Context: Primary adrenal insufficiency due to bilateral adrenal hemorrhage-adrenal infarction is a rare and life-threatening manifestation of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS). Data on the long-term outcome are scarce. Objective: The aims of the present study were to analyze the long-term outcome related to APLS per se and to characterize the course of adrenal involvement. Design: We conducted a retrospective study of patients with bilateral adrenal hemorrhage-adrenal infarction secondary to APLS seen in the Department of Internal Medicine of Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital in Paris (France) between January 1990 and July 2010. Results: Three patients died during the acute phase related to APLS manifestations. Sixteen patients (7 males; 9 females) were followed up during a median period of 3.5 years (range 0.3-28.1 years). Three episodes of recurrent thrombosis were noted. One patient died from cerebral hemorrhage 3 months after the onset of adrenal insufficiency. Repeated Synacthen tests showed complete absence of response in 8 of the 10 patients assessed; cortisol and aldosterone increased appropriately in one patient and to some extent in another one. Dehydroepiandrosterone levels and 24-hour urinary epinephrine levels remained abnormally low in all evaluated patients. Adrenal imaging performed more than 1 year after the initial event revealed completely atrophic glands in 9 of 11 patients. Conclusions: This particular subset of APLS patients who survive the acute phase has a rather favorable long-term outcome. Although adrenal dysfunction is generally irreversible, adrenocortical function may, at least partially, recover in rare cases. In this view, measurement of early morning cortisol during follow-up is indicated to detect these patients.