High levels of inflammatory biomarkers are associated with increased allele-specific apolipoprotein(a) levels in African-Americans

Background: A role of inflammation for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is established. Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an independent CVD risk factor where plasma levels are determined by the apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] gene, which contains inflammatory response elements. Design: We investigated the effect of inflammation on allele-specific apo(a) levels in African-Americans and Caucasians. We determined Lp(a) levels, apo(a) sizes, allele-specific apo(a) levels, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in 167 African-Americans and 259 Caucasians. Results: Lp(a) levels were increased among African-Americans with higher vs. lower levels of CRP [< 3 vs. >= 3 mg/liter (143 vs. 108 nmol/liter), P = 0.009] or fibrinogen (< 340 vs. >= 340 mg/liter, P = 0.002). We next analyzed allele-specific apo(a) levels for different apo( a) sizes. No differences in allele-specific apo(a) levels across CRP or fibrinogen groups were seen among African-Americans or Caucasians for small apo(a) sizes (< 22 kringle 4 repeats). Allele-specific apo(a) levels for medium apo(a) sizes (22-30 kringle 4 repeats) were significantly higher among African-Americans, with high levels of CRP or fibrinogen compared with those with low levels (88 vs. 67 nmol/liter, P = 0.014, and 91 vs. 59 nmol/liter, P < 0.0001, respectively). No difference was found for Caucasians. Conclusions: Increased levels of CRP or fibrinogen are associated with higher allele-specific medium-sized apo(a) levels in African-Americans but not in Caucasians. These findings indicate that proinflammatory conditions result in a selective increase in medium-sized apo(a) levels in African-Americans and suggest that inflammation-associated events may contribute to the interethnic difference in Lp(a) levels between African-Americans and Caucasians.