PU.1 and partners: regulation of haematopoietic stem cell fate in normal and malignant haematopoiesis

Introduction Transcription factor PU.1: expression distribution and function Functional domains of PU.1 protein Structure of PU.1 ETS domain and its binding to DNA PU.1 gene regulation PU.1-interacting proteins NF-IL6 beta (C/EBP-delta) c-Jun CBP GATA-1 Antagonism between GATA-1 and PU.1 Synergistic interaction between PU.1 and GATA-1 C/EBP-alpha c-Myb AML-1 AML-1/ETO Pip/NF-EM5/IRF-4 PU.1-protein interactions and HSC fate determination Concluding remarks During normal haematopoiesis, cell development and differentiation programs are accomplished by switching 'on' and 'off' specific set of genes. Specificity of gene expression is primarily achieved by combinatorial control, i.e. through physical and functional interactions among several transcription factors that form sequence-specific multiprotein complexes on regulatory regions (gene promoters and enhancers). Such combinatorial gene switches permit flexibility of regulation and allow numerous developmental decisions to be taken with a limited number of regulators. The haematopoietic-specific Ets family transcription factor PU.1 regulates many lymphoid- and myeloid-specific gene promoters and enhancers by interacting with multiple proteins during haematopoietic development. Such protein-protein interactions regulate DNA binding, subcellular localization, target gene selection and transcriptional activity of PU.1 itself in response to diverse signals including cytokines, growth factors, antigen and cellular stresses. Specific domains of PU.1 interact with many protein motifs such as bHLH, bZipper, zinc fingers and paired domain for regulating its activity. This review focuses on important protein-protein interactions of PU.1 that play a crucial role in regulation of normal as well as malignant haematopoiesis. Precise delineation of PU.1 protein-partner interacting interface may provide an improved insight of the molecular mechanisms underlying haematopoietic stem cell fate regulation. Its interactions with some proteins could be targeted to modulate the aberrant signalling pathways for reversing the malignant phenotype and to control the generation of specific haematopoietic progeny for treatment of haematopoietic disorders.