Nitric oxide synthase inhibition decreases L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and the expression of striatal molecular markers in Pitx3(-/-) aphakia mice

Nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous messenger molecule synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), plays a pivotal role in integrating dopamine transmission in the basal ganglia and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). To study the role of the nitrergic system in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), we assessed the effect of the pharmacological manipulation of NO levels and NO/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling on LID in the Pitx3(-/-) aphakia mouse, a genetic model of PD. To evaluate the effect of decreased NO signaling on the development of LID, Pitx3(-/-) mice were chronically treated with L-DOPA and 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, a neuronal NOS inhibitor). To evaluate its effect on the expression of established LID, 7-NI was administered acutely to dyskinetic mice. The chronic 7-NI treatment attenuated the development of LID in the Pitx3(-/-) mice, and the sub-acute 7-NI treatment attenuated established dyskinesia without affecting the beneficial therapeutic effect of L-DOPA. Moreover, 7-NI significantly reduced FosB and pAcH3 expression in the acutely and chronically L-DO PA-treated mice. We also examined how increasing NO/cGMP signaling affects LID expression by acutely administering molsidomine (an NO donor) or zaprinast (a cGMP phosphodiesterase 5-PDE5 inhibitor) before L-DOPA in mice with established dyskinesia. Paradoxically, the administration of either of these drugs also significantly diminished the expression of established LID; however, the effect occurred at the expense of the antiparkinsonian L-DOPA properties. We demonstrate that targeting the NO/cGMP signaling pathway reduces dyskinetic behaviors and molecular markers, but only the 7-NI treatment preserved the antiparkinsonian effect of L-DOPA, indicating that NOS inhibitors represent a potential therapy to reduce LID. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.