Transglutaminase 2 inhibitor abrogates renal cell carcinoma in xenograft models

To test whether transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) inhibitor GK921 alone reverses renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumor growth. RCC is resistant to both radiation and chemotherapy, and the prognosis remains poor. Despite the recent therapeutic success of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition in RCC, approximately one-third of RCC patients develop metastatic disease. The expression of TGase 2 is markedly increased in most RCC cell lines, as well as in clinical samples. Previously, we introduced the quinoxaline derivative GK13 as a lead compound for TGase 2 inhibitor. The inhibitory effect of GK13 on TGase 2 was improved in GK921 (3-(phenylethynyl)-2-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)pyrido[3,2-b]pyrazine). GK921 efficacy was tested using sulforhodamine in vitro as well as a xenograft tumor models using ACHN and CAKI-1 RCC cells. GK921 showed cytotoxicity to RCC (average GI(50) in eight RCC cell lines: 0.905 mu M). A single treatment with GK921 almost completely reduced tumor growth by stabilizing p53 in the ACHN and CAKI-1 preclinical xenograft tumor models. TGase 2 inhibitor GK921 abrogates RCC growth in xenograft tumor models, suggesting the possibility of a new therapeutic approach to RCC.