Probing the Interaction of Human Serum Albumin With Bilirubin in the Presence of Aspirin by Multi-Spectroscopic, Molecular Modeling and Zeta Potential Techniques: Insight on Binary and Ternary Systems

Here, we report on the effect of aspirin (ASA), on the binding parameters with regard to bilirubin (BR) to human serum albumin (HSA). Two different classes of binding sites were detected. Binding to the first and second classes of the binding sites was dominated by hydrophobic forces in the case of HSA-BR, whereas in the case of the ternary system, binding to the first and second classes of the binding sites was achieved by electrostatic interaction. The binding constant (K-a) and number of binding site (n) obtained were 1.6 x 10(6) M-1 and 0.98, respectively, for the primary binding site in the case of HSA-BR, and 3.7 x 10(6) M-1 and 0.84, respectively, in the presence of ASA (ternary complex) at lambda(ex) = 280 nm. The progressive quenching of the protein fluorescence as the BR concentration increased indicated an arrangement of the domain HA in HSA. Changes in the environment of the aromatic residues were also observed by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS). Changes of the secondary structure of HSA involving a decrease of alpha-helical and beta-sheet contents and increased amounts of turns and unordered conformations were mainly found at high concentrations of BR. For the first time, the relationship between the structural parameters of HSA-BR by RLS for determining the critical induced aggregation concentration (C-CIAC) of BR in the absence and presence of ASA was investigated, and there was a more significant enhancement in the case of the ternary mixture as opposed to the binary one. Changes in the zeta potential of HSA and the HSA-ASA complex in the presence of BR demonstrated a hydrophobic adsorption of this anionic ligand onto the surface of HSA in the binary system as well as both electrostatic and hydrophobic adsorption in the case of the ternary complex. By performing docking experiments, it was found that the acting forces between BR and HSA were mainly hydrophobic > hydrogen bonding > electrostatic interactions, and consequently BR had a long storage time in blood plasma, especially in the presence of ASA. This was due to the electrostatic interaction force between the BR and HSA being stronger in (HSA-ASA) BR than in the HSA-BR complex. In addition, it was demonstrated that, in the presence of ASA, the first binding site of BR on HSA was altered, but the parameters of binding did not become significantly modified, and thus the affinity of BR barely changed with and without ASA.