Calcium-dependent Conformational Flexibility of a CUB Domain Controls Activation of the Complement Serine Protease C1r

C1, the first component of the complement system, is a Ca2+-dependent heteropentamer complex of C1q and two modular serine proteases, C1r and C1s. Current functional models assume significant flexibility of the subcomponents. Noncatalytic modules in C1r have been proposed to provide the flexibility required for function. Using a recombinant CUB2-CCP1 domain pair and the individual CCP1 module, we showed that binding of Ca2+ induces the folding of the CUB2 domain and stabilizes its structure. In the presence of Ca2+, CUB2 shows a compact, folded structure, whereas in the absence of Ca2+, it has a flexible, disordered conformation. CCP1 module is Ca2+-in-sensitive. Isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that CUB2 binds a single Ca2+ with a relatively high K-D (430 mu M). In blood, the CUB2 domain of C1r is only partially (74%) saturated by Ca2+, therefore the disordered, Ca2+-free form could provide the flexibility required for C1 activation. In accordance with this assumption, the effect of Ca2+ on the autoactivation of native, isolated C1r zymogen was proved. In the case of infection-inflammation when the local Ca2+ concentration decreases, this property of CUB2 domain could serve as subtle means to trigger the activation of the classical pathway of complement. The CUB2 domain of C1r is a novel example for globular protein domains with marginal stability, high conformational flexibility, and proteolytic sensitivity. The physical nature of the behavior of this domain is similar to that of intrinsically unstructured proteins, providing a further example of functionally relevant ligand-induced reorganization of a polypeptide chain.