Quantification of left and right atrial kinetic energy using four-dimensional intracardiac magnetic resonance imaging flow measurements

Kinetic energy (KE) of atrial blood has been postulated as a possible contributor to ventricular filling. Therefore, we aimed to quantify the left (LA) and right (RA) atrial blood KE using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Fifteen healthy volunteers underwent CMR at 3 T, including a four-dimensional phase-contrast flow sequence. Mean LA KE was lower than RA KE (1.1 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.1 mJ, P < 0.01). Three KE peaks were seen in both atria: one in ventricular systole, one during early ventricular diastole, and one during atrial contraction. The systolic LA peak was significantly smaller than the RA peak (P < 0.001), and the early diastolic LA peak was larger than the RA peak (P < 0.05). Rotational flow contained 46 +/- 7% of total KE and conserved energy better than nonrotational flow did. The KE increase in early diastole was higher in the LA (P < 0.001). Systolic KE correlated with the combination of atrial volume and systolic velocity of the atrioventricular plane displacement (r(2) = 0.57 for LA and r(2) = 0.64 for RA). Early diastolic KE of the LA correlated with left ventricle (LV) mass (r(2) = 0.28), however, no such correlation was found in the right heart. This suggests that LA KE increases during early ventricular diastole due to LV elastic recoil, indicating that LV filling is dependent on diastolic suction. Right ventricle (RV) relaxation does not seem to contribute to atrial KE. Instead, RA KE generated during ventricular systole may be conserved in a hydraulic flywheel and transferred to the RV through helical flow, which may contribute to RV filling.