期刊
JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
卷 112, 期 3, 页码 605-613出版社
WILEY-BLACKWELL
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05231.x
关键词
genotyping; molecular epidemiology; noroviruses; real-time RT-PCR assay; seminested RT-PCR assay; wastewater
资金
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan [20686035]
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [20686035] Funding Source: KAKEN
Aims: To investigate the prevalence, seasonality and genotype distribution of human noroviruses (NoVs) in wastewater in Japan. Methods and Results: Influent and effluent water samples were collected monthly for a year from a wastewater treatment plant and examined for the presence of genogroups I and II (GI and GII) NoVs. Using real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays, 12 (100%) influent and six (50%) effluent samples were positive for both GI and GII NoV genomes, with a higher prevalence in winter. A total of 152 different NoV strains, comprising 84 GI and 68 GII strains, were identified using seminested RT-PCR assays followed by cloning and sequence analysis. These strains were classified into nine GI genotypes (GI/1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 14) and 13 GII genotypes (GII/1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15 and 16), showing considerable genetic diversity. Conclusions: Based on the partial capsid gene sequences, we identified a great number of NoV strains belonging to many genotypes, demonstrating that genetically diverse NoV strains are co-circulating in aquatic environments and human populations. Significance and Impact of the Study: Our results clearly demonstrate the seasonal trend and genetic diversity of NoVs in wastewater.
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