Assessment of adenovirus, hepatitis A virus and rotavirus presence in environmental samples in Florianopolis, South Brazil

Aims: To assess the presence of human adenovirus (HAdV), hepatitis A (HAV) virus and rotavirus A (RV-A) in environmental samples from the Southern region of Brazil and to provide viral contamination data for further epidemiological studies and governmental actions. Methods and Results: Water samples from various sources (seawater, lagoon brackish water, urban wastewater, drinking water sources-with and without chlorination and water derived from a polluted creek) and oysters of two growing areas were analysed by enzymatic amplification (nested PCR and RT-PCR), quantification of HAdV genome (qPCR) and viral viability assay by integrated cell culture-PCR (ICC-PCR). From June 2007 to May 2008 in a total of 84 water samples, 54 (64.2%) were positive for HAdV, 16 (19%) for RV-A and 7 (8.3%) for HAV. Viability assays showed nonpositive samples for HAV; though, infectious viruses were confirmed for RV-A (12.5%) and HAdV (88.8%). Oyster samples by PCR were positive for HAdV (87.5%) and RV-A (8.3%), but none for HAV. Quantitative PCR in oysters showed means loads in genomic copies (gc) of 9.1 x 10(4) gc g(-1) (oyster farm south) and 1.5 x 10(5) gc g(-1) (oyster farm north) and in waters ranging from 2.16 x 10(6) (lagoon water) to 1.33 x 10(7) gc l(-1) (untreated drinking water). Conclusions: This study has shown a widespread distribution of the analysed viruses in this particular region with high loads of HAdV in the environment which suggests the relevance of evaluating these viruses as positive indicators of viral contamination of water. Significance and Impact of the Study: The environmental approach in this study provides data concerning the prevalence, viability and quantification of enteric viruses in environmental waters and oysters in the South region of Brazil and has indicated that their presence might pose a risk to population in contact with the environmental samples searched.