Toward New Inferences about Cloud Structures from Multidirectional Measurements in the Oxygen A Band: Middle-of-Cloud Pressure and Cloud Geometrical Thickness from POLDER-3/PARASOL

New evidence from collocated measurements, with support from theory and numerical simulations, that multidirectional measurements in the oxygen A band from the third Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances (POLDER-3) instrument on the Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Observations from a Lidar (PARASOL) satellite platform within the A-Train can help to characterize the vertical structure of clouds is presented. In the case of monolayered clouds, the standard POLDER cloud oxygen pressure product P-O2 is shown to be sensitive to the cloud geometrical thickness H in two complementary ways: 1) P-O2 is, on average, close to the pressure at the geometrical middle of the cloud layer (MCP) and methods are proposed for reducing the pressure difference P-O2 MCP and 2) the angular standard deviation of P-O2 and the cloud geometrical thickness H are tightly correlated for liquid clouds. Accounting for cloud phase, there is thus the potential to obtain a statistically reasonable estimate of H. Such derivation from passive measurements, as compared with or supplementing other observations, is expected to be of interest in a broad range of applications for which it is important to define better the macrophysical cloud parameters in a practical way.