Neonatal piglet traits of importance for survival in crates and indoor pens

The primary aim of the present study was to investigate whether the same piglet traits contributed to the same causes of neonatal piglet mortality in crates (CT) and pens (PN). Gilts originating from 2 distinct genetic groups that differed in breeding value for piglet survival rate at d 5 (SR5) were used. These were distributed to farrow in either PN or CT as follows: high-SR5 and CT (n = 30); low-SR5 and CT (n = 27); high-SR5 and PN (n = 22); and low-SR5 and PN (n = 24). Data on individual piglets were collected at birth, including interbirth interval; birth order; birth weight; rectal temperature at birth, 2 h after birth, and 24 h after birth; cordal plasma lactate; and latency to first suckle. Based on autopsy, causes of mortality were divided into stillborn, bitten to death, starvation, crushed, disease, and other causes. Potential risk factors of dying were estimated using a GLM with a logit link function. No significant effect (NS) of housing was observed on the odds of a piglet being stillborn (F-1,F-73 = 0.1, NS), being crushed (F-1,F-53 = 1.4, NS), or dying of starvation (F-1,F-53 = 0.3, NS). No significant differences were observed between the 2 genetic groups for any category of mortality. Piglet traits for pre- and postnatal survival were the same for CT and PN. The odds of being stillborn were increased in piglets born late in the birth order (F-1,F-1061 = 33.5, P < 0.0001), after a long interbirth interval (F-1,F-1061 = 19.2, P < 0.0001), and with a lighter birth weight (F-1,F-1061 = 9.2, P = 0.003). The lighter the birth weight of the piglets, the greater were the odds of being crushed (F-1,F-1050 = 18, P < 0.0001) and dying of starvation (F-1,F-1050 = 19, P < 0.0001). The lower the rectal temperature 2 h after birth, the greater were the odds of being crushed (F1,1050 = 4.6, P = 0.03), starving (F-1,F-1050 = 16.6, P < 0.0001), or dying of diseases (F-1,F-1050 = 4.9, P = 0.03). Increased cordal plasma lactate increased the odds of dying from starvation (F-1,F-1050 = 18, P < 0.0001). In both CT and PN, the birth weight, body temperature 2 h after birth, and birth process were important traits related to crushing, starvation, and disease. Neither housing nor breeding value influenced mortality or traits of importance for the inborn viability of piglets. The results emphasize that the microclimate in the PN for newborn piglets and its heat-preserving properties are more important for survival than whether the sow is crated or penned.