Speciation and fractionation of nickel in airborne particulate matter: comparison between selective leaching and XAS spectroscopy

Nickel speciation and fractionation using a multidisciplinary approach are discussed for different particulate matter samples collected in industrial and rural atmospheres. The technologies utilized in this research span from X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to a wet chemistry sequential leaching assay (including determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, ICP-AES). The Zatka sequential leaching method provides an inexpensive assay to differentiate among 'soluble', 'sulfidic', 'metallic', and 'oxidic' chemical forms of Ni. The XANES technique is especially well suited for Ni speciation between and to a lesser extent within the 4 defined Ni species groups of the Zatka sequential leaching procedure. Limitations for interpretation in the present study with respect to XANES are the availability of pure phase Ni species for uptake as reference spectra and the collinearity between the spectra of Ni compounds within a Ni species group (e. g. NiSO4 center dot 6H(2)O and Ni(NO3)(2)center dot 6H(2)O). The Ni speciation and fractionation results on the particulate matter samples reflect in general a good agreement between the modified Zatka sequential leaching procedure and the XANES data. For the particulate matter collected in and close to a stainless steel factory, Ni included in a spinel structure (NiFe2O4) was identified as the principal Ni species. The particulate matter collected in rural atmosphere showed a 50/50 distribution between soluble and oxidic Ni species.