Beryllium as a grain refiner in titanium alloys

Solute plays an important role in grain refinement during the solidification of cast alloys and the growth restriction factor is a useful indicator for predicting the grain refining effectiveness of a particular solute. This work investigates beryllium as it is theoretically the most powerful grain refining solute in the titanium system and a relationship between grain size and composition is developed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.