期刊
NANO LETTERS
卷 16, 期 1, 页码 543-548出版社
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04187
关键词
Graphene; sodium ion batteries; in situ Raman spectroscopy; solvent cointercalation; graphene intercalation compounds; anode; Na
类别
资金
- National Science Foundation [EPS 1004083, 1445197]
- Vanderbilt start-up funds
A maximum sodium capacity of similar to 35 mAh/g has hampered the use of crystalline carbon nanostructures for sodium ion battery anodes. We demonstrate that a diglyme solvent shell encapsulating a sodium ion acts as a nonstick coating to facilitate rapid ion insertion into crystalline few-layer graphene and bypass slow desolvation kinetics. This yields storage capacities above 150 mAh/g, cycling performance with negligible capacity fade over 8000 cycles, and similar to 100 mAh/g capacities maintained at currents of 30 A/g (similar to 12 s charge). Raman spectroscopy elucidates the ordered, but nondestructive cointercalation mechanism that differs from desolvated ion intercalation processes. In situ Raman measurements identify the Na+ staging sequence and isolates Fermi energies for the first and second stage ternary intercalation compounds at similar to 0.8 eV and similar to 1.2 eV.
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