Long-Term Lysimeter Experiment To Investigate the Leaching of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) and the Carry-over from Soil to Plants: Results of a Pilot Study

To study the behavior of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soil and the carry-over from soil to plants, technical mixtures of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) at a concentration of 25 mg/kg soil were applied to 1.5 m(3) monolithic soil columns of a lysimeter. Growth samples and percolated water were analyzed for PFASs throughout a period of 5 years. In addition to PFOA/PFOS plant compartments and leachate were found to be contaminated with short-chain PFASs. Calculation showed significant decreasing trends (p < 0.05) for all substances tested in the growth samples. Short-chain PFASs and PFOA pass through the soil much more quickly than PFOS. Of the 360 g of PFOA and 367.5 g of PFOS applied to the soil, 96.88% PFOA and 99.98% PFOS were still present in the soil plot of the lysimeter after a period of 5 years. Plants accumulated 0.001% PFOA and 0.004% PFOS. Loss from the soil plot through leachate amounted to 3.12% for PFOA and 0.013% for PFOS.