Metabolomic Studies on Geographical Grapes and Their Wines Using 1H NMR Analysis Coupled with Multivariate Statistics

Environmental vineyard conditions can affect the chemical composition or metabolites of grapes and their wines. Grapes grown in three different regions of South Korea were collected and separated into pulp, skin, and seed. The grapes were also vinified after crushing. H-1 NMR spectroscopy with pattern recognition (PR) methods was used to investigate the metabolic differences in pulp, skin, seed, and wines from the different regions. Discriminatory compounds among the grapes were Na, Ca, K, malate, citrate, threonine, alanine, proline, and trigonelline according to PR methods of principal component analysis (PCA) or partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Grapes grown in regions with high sun exposure and low rainfall showed higher levels of sugar, proline, Na, and Ca together with lower levels of malate, citrate, alanine, threonine, and trigonelline than those grown in regions with relatively low sun exposure and high rainfall. Environmental effects were also observed in the complementary wines. This study demonstrates that H-1 NMR-based metabolomics coupled with multivariate statistical data sets can be useful for determining grape and wine quality.