期刊
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY
卷 35, 期 1, 页码 71-87出版社
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9705-9
关键词
Anomalous trichromacy; Color vision; Howlers; Polymorphism
类别
资金
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [19207018, 22247036]
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan [20017008, 21026007]
- SUNY Geneseo Research Foundation
- Anthropology Department
- National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
- National Geographic Society
- American Society of Primatologists, Conservation International
- International Primatological Society
- Sigma XI
- University of Calgary
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [22247036, 24405018, 20017008, 19207018, 25650154, 221S0002, 25251046, 21026007] Funding Source: KAKEN
Platyrrhine (New World) monkeys possess highly polymorphic color vision owing to allelic variation of the single-locus L/M opsin gene on the X chromosome. Most species consist of female trichromats and female and male dichromats. Howlers (genus Alouatta) are an exception; they are considered to be routinely trichromatic with L and M opsin genes juxtaposed on the X chromosome, as seen in catarrhine primates (Old World monkeys, apes, and humans). Yet it is not known whether trichromacy is invariable in howlers. We examined L/M opsin variation in wild howler populations in Costa Rica and Nicaragua (Alouatta palliata) and Belize (A. pigra), using fecal DNA. We surveyed exon 5 sequences (containing the diagnostic 277th and 285th residues for lambda(max)) for 8 and 18 X chromosomes from Alouatta palliata and A. pigra, respectively. The wavelengths of maximal absorption (lambda(max)) of the reconstituted L and M opsin photopigments were 564 nm and 532 nm, respectively, in both species. We found one M-L hybrid sequence with a recombinant 277/285 haplotype in Alouatta palliata and two L-M hybrid sequences in A. pigra. The lambda(max) values of the reconstituted hybrid photopigments were in the range of 546 similar to 554 nm, which should result in trichromat phenotypes comparable to those found in other New World monkey species. Our finding of color vision variation due to high frequencies of L/M hybrid opsin genes in howlers challenges the current view that howlers are routine and uniform trichromats. These results deepen our understanding of the evolutionary significance of color vision polymorphisms and routine trichromacy and emphasize the need for further assessment of opsin gene variation as well as behavioral differences among subtypes of trichromacy.
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