Chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, size evolution and stability

Purpose: Characterisation of chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles is presented with the aim of correlating particle shape and morphology, size distribution, surface chemistry, and production automatisation with preparation procedure, chitosan molecular weight and loaded protein. Methods: Nanoparticles were prepared by adding drop wise a tripolyphosphate-pentasodium solution to chitosan solutions under stirring. Trehalose, mannitol and polyethylene-glycol as bioprotectants were used to prevent particle aggregation and to reduce mechanical stress during freezing and drying processes. Results: As a novel result, time evolution of the particle size distribution curve showed the presence of a bimodal population composed of a fraction of small particles and of a second fraction of larger particles attributed to the rearrangement of particles after the addition of tripolyphosphate. Storage for 4 weeks resulted in a slight increase in average size, due to the continuous rearrangement of small particles. Improvement of nanoparticle stability after lyophilisation and spray-drying was observed in the presence of all bioprotectants. Trehalose was the best protectant for both methods. Finally, in vivo tests using chick embryos assessed the biocompatibility of chitosan, tripolyphosphate and the nanoparticles. Conclusion: The simple ionotropic gelation method with low-MW chitosan was effective in achieving reproducible nanoparticles with the desired physico-chemical and safety characteristics. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.