Loneliness and social support among nursing home residents without cognitive impairment: A questionnaire survey

Background and objectives: Few studies have examined the association between social support and loneliness among nursing home residents without cognitive impairment. The main aims of this study were to examine the frequency of contact and loneliness and the association between loneliness and the social support dimensions: attachment, social integration, reassurance of worth and opportunities for nurturance. Design: A cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational design. Settings: All 30 nursing homes in the city of Bergen in western Norway. Participants: A total of 227 long-term nursing home residents 65 years and older without cognitive impairment. Methods: Data were obtained through face-to-face interviews using the global question Do you sometimes feel lonely?, the Social Provisions Scale and one multiple-item question of the Family and Friendship Contacts Scale. Possible relationships between the Family and Friendship Contacts Scale, Social Provisions Scale and loneliness were analyzed using logistic regression while controlling for sex, age group, marital status, education, having a primary nurse, telephone contact and having hobby and interests. Results: In total, 56% experienced loneliness. No social support variable was significantly correlated with loneliness before adjusting for sociodemographic variables. Attachment was nearly statistically significant (P = 0.07). When the sociodemographic variables (sex, children, age group, marital status, education, primary nurse, telephone contact, hobbies and Functional Comorbidity Index) were adjusted for, attachment was significant (P = 0.03). The social support variables social integration, nurturance and reassurance of worth were not associated with loneliness. Among the sociodemographic variables, sex and marital status were significantly associated with loneliness (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Emotional closeness to significant others from which one derives a sense of security appears to be important for loneliness, and the frequency of contact with family and friends did not explain the experience of loneliness. Clinical nurses should recognize that social support is associated with loneliness and pay attention to the importance of social support for the residents in daily practice. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.