期刊
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
卷 19, 期 9, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092602
关键词
respiratory microbial carriage; polymicrobial interactions; respiratory immune regulation; secondary infections; vaccination; regulatory T cells; influenza A virus; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Listeria monocytogenes
资金
- International Research Training Group of the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) [1273]
- Helmholtz Association (Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, HGF) [W2/W3-029]
The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to the environment and displays a favorable niche for colonizing microorganisms. However, the effects of respiratory bacterial carriage on the immune system and its implications for secondary responses remain largely unclear. We have employed respiratory carriage with Bordetella bronchiseptica as the underlying model to comprehensively address effects on subsequent immune responses. Carriage was associated with the stimulation of Bordetella-specific CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) T cell responses, and broad transcriptional activation was observed in CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells. Importantly, transfer of leukocytes from carriers to acutely B. bronchiseptica infected mice, resulted in a significantly increased bacterial burden in the recipient's upper respiratory tract. In contrast, we found that respiratory B. bronchiseptica carriage resulted in a significant benefit for the host in systemic infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Adaptive responses to vaccination and influenza A virus infection, were unaffected by B. bronchiseptica carriage. These data showed that there were significant immune modulatory processes triggered by B. bronchiseptica carriage, that differentially affect subsequent immune responses. Therefore, our results demonstrated the complexity of immune regulation induced by respiratory bacterial carriage, which can be beneficial or detrimental to the host, depending on the pathogen and the considered compartment.
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