Single-experiment displacement assay for quantifying high-affinity binding by isothermal titration calorimetry

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is the gold standard for dissecting the thermodynamics of a biomolecular binding process within a single experiment. However, reliable determination of the dissociation constant (K-D) from a single titration is typically limited to the range 100 mu M > K-D > 1 nM. Interactions characterized by a lower K-D can be assessed indirectly by so-called competition or displacement assays, provided that a suitable competitive ligand is available whose K-D falls within the directly accessible window. However, this protocol is limited by the fact that it necessitates at least two titrations to characterize one high-affinity inhibitor, resulting in considerable consumption of both sample material and time. Here, we introduce a fast and efficient ITC displacement assay that allows for the simultaneous characterization of both a high-affinity ligand and a moderate-affinity ligand competing for the same binding site on a receptor within a single experiment. The protocol is based on a titration of the high-affinity ligand into a solution containing the moderate-affinity ligand bound to the receptor present in excess. The resulting biphasic binding isotherm enables accurate and precise determination of K-D values and binding enthalpies (Delta H) of both ligands. We discuss the theoretical background underlying the approach, demonstrate its practical application to metal ion chelation, explore its potential and limitations with the aid of simulations and statistical analyses, and elaborate on potential applications to protein-inhibitor interactions. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.