Composition and modes of occurrence of minerals and elements in coal combustion products derived from high-Ge coals

The fly ashes derived from three giant coal-hosted Ge deposits, Lincang (Yunnan of southwestern China), Wulantuga (Inner Mongolia of northern China), and Spetzugli (Primorye, Russian Far East), are unique because they are highly enriched in elements, including up to (on an organic-free basis): 4.66% Ge, 2.12% As, 1.56% F, 1.22% Sb, 0.56% W, 0.56% Zn, 0.55% Pb, 0.13% Sn, 0.12% Ga, 0.056% Bi, 0.04% Be, 0.028% Cs, 0.017% Tl, and 0.016% Hg. These high element concentrations in the fly ashes are due both to their high levels in the raw coals from which they were derived and their high volatility during the coal combustion process. Rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) were fractionated during coal combustion. They are more enriched in fly ashes than in slag from the respective coals. Maximum REY enrichment may occur either in fine-grained fly ash from baghouse filters or in coarse-grained fly ash from electrostatic precipitators. Cerium and Eu are more enriched in the fly ashes than other REY, and yttrium is relatively depleted in the fly ashes in comparison with the slag. Three types of unburnt carbon can be identified in the fly ashes: (I) carbon with well-preserved initial maceral structures (fusinite and secretinite), (2) isotropic and anisotropic carbon, and (3) secondary fine-grained carbon. The last type of unburnt carbon is characterized by embedded fine-grained Ge-bearing and other mineral phases. Ge oxides (e.g., GeO2) are the major Ge carrier in the fly ashes. Other Ge-bearing mineral phases, however, were also identified, including glass, Ca ferrites, solid solutions of Ge in SiO2, and probably elemental Ge or Ge (Ge-W) carbide, as well as previously-unknown complex oxides including (Ge,As)O-x, (Ge,As,Sb)O-x, (Ge,As,W)O-x, and (Ge,W)O-x. Some portion of the Ge occurs as adsorbed species in different types of unburnt carbon (Types 1 and 2) in the ash particles. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.