Increased concentration of circulating angiogenesis and nitric oxide inhibitors induces endothelial to mesenchymal transition and myocardial fibrosis in patients with chronic kidney disease

Background: Sudden cardiovascular death is increased in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Experimental CKD models suggest that angiogenesis and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitors induce myocardial fibrosis and microvascular dropout thereby facilitating arrhythmogenesis. We undertook this study to characterize associations of CKD with human myocardial pathology, NO-related circulating angiogenesis inhibitors, and endothelial cell behavior. Methods: We compared heart (n = 54) and serum (n = 162) samples from individuals with and without CKD, and assessed effects of serum on human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) in vitro. Left ventricular fibrosis and capillary density were quantified in post-mortem samples. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) was assessed by immunostaining of post-mortem samples and RNA expression in heart tissue obtained during cardiac surgery. Circulating asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), endostatin (END), angiopoietin-2 (ANG), and thrombospondin-2 (TSP) were measured, and the effect of these factors and of subject serum on proliferation, apoptosis, and EndMT of HCAEC was analyzed. Results: Cardiac fibrosis increased 12% and 77% in stage 3-4 CKD and ESRD and microvascular density decreased 12% and 16% vs. preserved renal function. EndMT-derived fibroblast proportion was 17% higher in stage 3-4 CKD and ESRD (P-trend = 0.02). ADMA, ANG, TSP, and END concentrations increased in CKD. Both individual factors and CKD serum increased HCAEC apoptosis (P = 0.02), decreased proliferation (P = 0.03), and induced EndMT. Conclusions: CKD is associated with an increase in circulating angiogenesis and NO inhibitors, which impact proliferation and apoptosis of cardiac endothelial cells and promote EndMT, leading to cardiac fibrosis and capillary rarefaction. These processes may play key roles in CKD-associated CV disease. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.