Free fatty acids induce endothelial dysfunction and activate protein kinase C and nuclear factor-κB pathway in rat aorta

Background: Insulin resistance is associated with an inappropriate elevation of plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) and endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we asked if elevated circulating FFA levels led to impaired insulin signaling and endothelial dysfunction in-vivo via activation of PKC-mediated inflammatory pathways. Methods: Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats were infused with 1) 20% intralipid + heparin (FFA group) or 2) saline alone (Control group) for 6 h. The intact aorta thoracica and aorta abdominalis were then removed. Aortic rings were isolated and evaluated for endothelial-dependent and non-dependent relaxation in an organ bath. The activities of eNOS and PKC were measured in endothelial homogenates prepared from endothelial cells harvested from the aorta. The expression levels of insulin signaling molecules IRS-1, Akt, eNOS, ERK1/ERK2, PKC-alpha, NF kappa B-p65 subunit and I kappa B-alpha in rat aortic endothelium were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results: Elevation of FFAs resulted in a 35.9% reduction in the response to acetylcholine (p<0.01), a 26% decline in plasma NOx levels (p<0.05), a 53% decrease in eNOS activity and a 34 +/- 9% inhibition in IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation (p<0.05). We also found a 46% decrease in Akt phosphorylation and a 36% decrease in eNOS phosphorylation. FFA-induced endothelial insulin resistance was associated with 82% increase in total membrane-associated PKC activity, a 1.7-fold increase in total PKC-alpha protein, 1.29-fold decrease in I kappa B-alpha expression levels and 1.47-fold increase in NF-kappa B p65 subunit expression in rat aortic endothelium. Conclusion: The molecular mechanisms underlying FFA-induced endothelial insulin resistance and eNOS inhibition may provide an important link implicating the PKC and I kappa B-alpha/NF-kappa B pathways in FFA-mediated inhibition of vascular insulin signaling. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.