Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 a promoting enzyme for peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer

Peritoneal carcinomatosis is a frequent finding in gastric cancer associated with a poor prognosis. The features that enable gastric tumors to disseminate are poorly understood until now. Previously, we showed elevated mRNA levels of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), an adenosine triphosphate-generating enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), the corresponding chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) and beta-catenin in specimens from gastric cancer patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. In this study, the influence of PGK1 on CXCR4 and beta-catenin was assessed as well as the invasiveness of PGK1 overexpressing cancer cells. In this current study, we found that PGK1 regulates the expression of CXCR4 and beta-catenin at the mRNA and protein levels. On the other hand, CXCR4 regulates the expression of PGK1. Plasmid-mediated overexpression of PGK1 dramatically increased the invasiveness of gastric cancer cells. Interestingly, inhibition of CXCR4 in cells overexpressing PGK1 produced only a moderate reduction of invasiveness suggesting that, PGK1 itself has a critical role in tumor invasiveness. Immunohistochemistry in specimens from diffuse gastric cancer patients also revealed an overexpression of PGK1 in patients with development of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Therefore, PGK1 may be a crucial enzyme in peritoneal dissemination. Together these findings suggest that the enhanced expression of PGK1 and its signaling targets CXCR4 and beta-catenin in gastric cancer cells promote peritoneal carcinomatosis. Thus, PGK1 may serve as prognostic marker and/or be a potential therapeutic target to prevent dissemination of gastric carcinoma cells into the peritoneum.