High glucose induced endothelial cell growth inhibition is associated with an increase in TGFβ1 secretion and inhibition of Ras prenylation via suppression of the mevalonate pathway

Objective: Ras proteins are known to affect cellular growth and function. The influence of the prenylation status of Ras on the observed changes in endothelial cell growth under high glucose conditions has not previously been examined. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to normal or high glucose conditions for 72 h, They were then examined for proliferative and hypertrophic effects, transforming growth factor (3, (TGF beta(1)) release, and phosphorylated p38 expression. The importance of prenylation was explored by the addition of mevalonate, isoprenoids or farnesyltransferase inhibitors to control the high glucose media and by measuring changes induced by high glucose and exogenous TGF beta(1) in Ras prenylation and farnesyltransferase activity. Kidneys from diabetic rats treated with atorvastatin were also compared to specimens from untreated animals and the expression of the Ras effector p-Akt examined. Results: High glucose conditions caused a reduction in cell number. This was reversed in the presence of mevalonate or farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP), suggesting that the cell growth abnormalities observed are due to high glucose induced inhibition of the mevalonate pathway and subsequent prenylation of proteins. Endothelial cells exposed to high glucose increased their secretion of TGF beta(1) and the phosphorylation of p38 both of which were reversed by concurrent exposure to FPP. A reduction in farnesyltransferase activity was observed after exposure to both high glucose and TGF beta(1). Exposure to a farnesyltransferase inhibitor in control conditions mimicked the growth response observed with high glucose exposure and prenylated Ras was reduced by exposure to both high glucose and TGF beta(1). Finally, interruption of the mevalonate pathway with a statin reduced the expression of p-Akt in diabetic rat kidneys. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that high glucose induced significant alterations in endothelial cell growth by inhibition of the mevalonate pathway, which subsequently mediates the increase in TGF beta(1) and inhibition of Ras prenylation. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.