期刊
INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY
卷 3, 期 9, 页码 887-896出版社
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c1ib00037c
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- National Institutes of Health [5R21EB009516-02, 5R21EB007730-02]
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA
- National Science Foundation under the Science and Technology Center Emergent Behaviors of Integrated Cellular Systems (EBICS) [CBET-0939511]
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGING AND BIOENGINEERING [R21EB007730, R21EB009516] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to activate proliferation, migration, and survival pathways in endothelial cells through phosphorylation of VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). VEGF has been incorporated into biomaterials through encapsulation, electrostatic sequestration, and covalent attachment, but the effect of these immobilization strategies on VEGF signaling has not been thoroughly investigated. Further, although growth factor internalization along with the receptor generally occurs in a physiological setting, whether this internalization is needed for receptor phosphorylation is not entirely clear. Here we show that VEGF covalently bound through a modified heparin molecule elicits an extended response of pVEGFR-2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and that the covalent linkage reduces internalization of the growth factor during receptor endocytosis. Optical tweezer measurements show that the rupture force required to disrupt the heparin VEGF VEGFR-2 interaction increases from 3-8 pN to 6-12 pN when a covalent bond is introduced between VEGF and heparin. Importantly, by covalently binding VEGF to a heparin substrate, the stability (half-life) of VEGF is extended over three-fold. Here, mathematical models support the biological conclusions, further suggesting that VEGF internalization is significantly reduced when covalently bound, and indicating that VEGF is available for repeated phosphorylation events.
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