Microfluidic sample preparation: cell lysis and nucleic acid purification

Due to the lack of development in the area of sample preparation, few complete lab-on-a-chip systems have appeared in recent years that can deal with raw samples. Cell lysis and nucleic acid extraction systems are sufficiently complex even before adding the complexity of an analysis system. In this review, a variety of microfluidic sample preparation methods are discussed and evaluated. Microsystems for cell lysis are discussed by grouping them into categories based on their lysis mechanisms: mechanical, chemical, thermal or electrical. We classify the nucleic acid purification techniques according to the mechanism that links nucleic acids to substrates: silica-based surface affinity, electrostatic interaction, nanoporous membrane filtration, and functionalized microparticles. The techniques for microfluidic cell lysis and nucleic acid purification are compared based on the ease of microfabrication and integration, and sample flexibility. These assessments can help us determine the appropriate sample preparation technique for generating a true lab-on-a-chip.