Highly efficient genome editing by homology-directed repair using Cas9 protein in Ceratitis capitata

The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitate is a highly polyphagous and invasive insect pest, causing enormous economic damage in horticultural systems. A successful and environment-friendly control strategy is the sterile insect technique (SIT) that reduces pest populations through infertile matings with mass-released, sterilized insects. However, the SIT is not readily applicable to each pest species. While transgenic approaches hold great promise to improve critical aspects of the SIT to transfer it to new species, they are suspect to strict or even prohibitive legislation regarding the release of genetically modified (GM) organisms. In contrast, specific mutations created via CRISPR-Cas genome editing are not regulated as GM in the US, and might thus allow creating optimal strains for SIT. Here, we describe highly efficient homology-directed repair genome editing in C. capitate by injecting pre-assembled CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes using different guide RNAs and a short single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide donor to convert an enhanced green fluorescent protein in C. capitate into a blue fluorescent protein. Six out of seven fertile and individually backcrossed Go individuals generated 57-90% knock-in rate within their total offspring and 70-96% knock-in rate within their phenotypically mutant offspring. Based on the achieved efficiency, this approach could also be used to introduce mutations which do not produce a screenable phenotype and identify positive mutants with a reasonable workload. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas HDR would allow to recreate mutations formerly identified in classical mutagenesis screens and to transfer them to related species to establish new (SIT-like) pest control systems. Considering the potential that CRISPR-induced alterations in organisms could be classified as non-GM in additional countries, such new strains could potentially be used for pest control applications without the need to struggle with GMO directives.