Aqueous Complexes for Efficient Size-based Separation of Americium from Curium

Complexation of the adjacent actinide ions americium(III) and curium(III) by the ligand N,N'-bis[(6-carboxy-2-pyridyl)methyl]-1,10-diaza-18-crown-6 (H(2)bp18c6) in aqueous solution was studied to quantify and characterize its americium/curium selectivity. Liquid-liquid extraction and spectrophotometric titration indicated the presence of both fully deprotonated and monoprotonated complexes, An(bp18c6)(+) and An(Hbp18c6)(2+) (An = Am or Cm), at the acidities that would be encountered when treating nuclear wastes. The stability constants of the complexes in 1 M NaNO3 determined using competitive complexation were log beta(101) = 15.49 +/- 0.06 for Am and 14.88 +/- 0.03 for Cm, indicating a reversal of the usual order of complex stability, where ligands bind the smaller Cm-III ion more tightly than Am-III. The Am/Cm selectivity of bp18c6(2-) that is defined by the ratio of the Am and Cm stability constants (beta(101) Am/beta(101) Cm = 4.1) is the largest reported so far for binary An(III)-ligand complexes. Theoretical density functional theory calculations using the B3LYP functional suggest that the ligand's size-selectivity for larger 4f- and 5f-element cations arises from steric constraints in the crown ether ring. Enhanced 5f character in molecular orbitals involving actinide nitrogen interactions is predicted to favor actinide(III) complexation by bp18c6(2-) over the complexation of similarly sized lanthanide(III) cations.