Antioxidant and trace element content of damiana (Turnera diffusa Willd) under wild and cultivated conditions in semi-arid zones

Damiana (Turnera diffusa Willd) is traditionally used in the elaboration of tea, liquors, in the production of cosmetic products, and as a medicinal plant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant content and trace element concentrations in leaves and stems from damiana grown wild and under cultivated conditions in semi-arid zones. Plants were collected at three different sites, two where damiana grows wild and one where it is cultivated for experimental purposes. Significant differences in the concentration of trace elements, vitamin C and total phenolic compound content, as well as antioxidant enzyme activities, total antioxidant capacity, and lipid peroxidation levels were found between leaves and stems, as well as among sampling sites. Environmental conditions, in combination with genetic factors, apparently affect the trace element concentrations, antioxidant content, and total antioxidant capacity in damiana grown wild. Results suggest that nutrient enrichment, via the addition of fertilizers, contributed to increased antioxidant defenses in the cultivated damiana plants. Furthermore, we suggest that genetic selection, controlled environmental conditions, and specific agrotechnical practices can increase the antioxidant yield in leaves and stems of cultivated damiana. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.