期刊
INDOOR AIR
卷 28, 期 6, 页码 840-851出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/ina.12499
关键词
3-D printing; carbon nanotubes; elemental carbon; emission rate; lung deposition modeling; polymer
类别
资金
- Intramural CDC HHS [CC999999] Funding Source: Medline
Fused deposition modeling (FDM (TM)) 3-dimensional printing uses polymer filament to build objects. Some polymer filaments are formulated with additives, though it is unknown if they are released during printing. Three commercially available filaments that contained carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were printed with a desktop FDM (TM) 3-D printer in a chamber while monitoring total particle number concentration and size distribution. Airborne particles were collected on filters and analyzed using electron microscopy. Carbonyl compounds were identified by mass spectrometry. The elemental carbon content of the bulk CNT-containing filaments was 1.5 to 5.2 wt%. CNT-containing filaments released up to 10(10) ultrafine (d < 100 nm) particles/g printed and 10(6) to 10(8) respirable (d similar to 0.5 to 2 mu m) particles/g printed. From microscopy, 1% of the emitted respirable polymer particles contained visible CNTs. Carbonyl emissions were observed above the limit of detection (LOD) but were below the limit of quantitation (LOQ). Modeling indicated that, for all filaments, the average proportional lung deposition of CNT-containing polymer particles was 6.5%, 5.7%, and 7.2% for the head airways, tracheobronchiolar, and pulmonary regions, respectively. If CNT-containing polymer particles are hazardous, it would be prudent to control emissions during use of these filaments.
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