Deregulated inflammasome signaling in disease

Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that sense microbial molecules and endogenous danger signals in intracellular compartments. Inflammasome assembly results in caspase-1 activation, which in turn drives maturation and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) and IL-18, and induces pyroptosis to eliminate the infectious agent. The importance of inflammasomes in regulating immune responses was recognized with the discovery of polymorphisms in genes encoding inflammasome components and their linkage to aberrant production of IL-1 beta and IL-18 in autoimmune and hereditary periodic fevers syndromes. We review the current knowledge on the role of inflammasomes in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses with an emphasis on the role of these immune complexes in autoinflammatory disorders and autoimmune diseases such as colitis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis and vitiligo.