Interleukin-1 and IL-23 Induce Innate IL-17 Production from γδ T Cells, Amplifying Th17 Responses and Autoimmunity

Th17 cells, CD4(+) T cells that secrete interleukin-17 (IL-17), are pathogenic in autoimmune diseases and their development and expansion is driven by the cytokines IL-6, TGF-beta, IL-21, IL-1, and IL-23. However, there are also innate sources of IL-17. Here, we show that gamma delta T cells express IL-23R and the transcription factor ROR gamma t and produce IL-17, IL-21, and IL-22 in response to IL-1 beta and IL-23, without T cell receptor engagement. IL-17-producing gamma delta T cells were found at high frequency in the brain of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). gamma delta T cells activated by IL-1 beta and IL-23 promoted IL-17 production by CD4(+) T cells and increased susceptibility to EAE, suggesting that gamma delta T cells act in an amplification loop for IL-1 7 production by Th17 cells. Our findings demonstrate that gamma delta T cells activated by IL-1 beta and IL-23 are an important source of innate IL-17 and IL-21 and provide an alternative mechanism whereby IL-1 and IL-23 may mediate autoimmune inflammation.