Binary-based tracer of photovoltaic array characteristics

Conventional photovoltaic (PV) I-V-curve tracer uses a lot of resistors and switches to produce a smooth curve. We propose a binary I-V-curve tracer with an adjustable-resistance load, which means fewer switches and resistors to achieve the same smooth curve. The prototype was built in an ATMega 8535 microcontroller and then tested in various shade conditions of the PV array.