Environmental/economic dispatch incorporating renewable energy sources and plug-in vehicles

Transportation and electricity industries are considered as major sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission. Different methods have been proposed to deal with the increasing rate of the emission, such as employing plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and integrating renewable energy sources (RESs). However, it is important to scrutinise different scenarios of incorporating the mentioned elements to decrease the concerning emission rate while considering the economic constraints. In this study, a combined economic emission dispatch (CEED) is employed to investigate the effectiveness of using PEVs and RESs from different aspects. A sensitivity analysis is executed to survey the influence of emission and cost coefficients. Two test cases each including different scenarios are simulated to determine the efficacy of different types of integration in the proposed model. To have a more accurate and realistic survey, an extended model of the wind farm's cost function is employed in economic dispatch calculations. The particle swarm optimisation algorithm is applied to solve the CEED non-linear problem. The obtained results indicate that the integration of PEVs cannot necessarily reduce the net emission of two industries. In fact, the optimum solution should include the incorporation of PEVs along with RESs to return the desired results.